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How did Lutzoni and Pagel conclude that the entire genome of mutualistic fungi evolved faster than the genome of free-living fungi?


A) They based their estimate on the branch lengths in the phylogeny of a single gene.
B) They compared the evolutionary rates of multiple genes.
C) They conducted a genome scan at a great number of variable loci using microarray technology.
D) Their "conclusion" is mere speculation and is not backed up by data.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

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Which of the following is a relationship between organisms that cannot evolve into a mutualistic relationship?


A) Parasite-host interaction
B) Predator-prey interaction
C) Neutral interaction
D) None of the above; any interaction can serve as a precursor

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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The apple host race (or biotype)of the Rhagoletis pomonella fruit flies evolved after apples were colonized by individuals of R.pomonella's hawthorn race (hawthorn is the original host of R.pomonella).If the two R.pomonella races become two different species over time,would this represent an example for cospeciation? Briefly justify your answer.

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No,R.pomonella switc...

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Define "cultural transmission" in one sentence.

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The transfer of information between individuals through social learning or teaching

Provide one likely cost and one likely benefit for each of the mutualistic partners in the Iridomyrmex ant and imperial blue butterfly caterpillar relationship. A.Benefit for ants: B.Cost for ants: C.Benefit for caterpillars: D.Cost for caterpillar:

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A)Food from caterpillar secret...

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Geographically isolated subpopulations of a species can evolve partial reproductive isolation.If two subpopulations come into secondary contact,they can either become one mixed population,or,during a process called reinforcement,selection may lead to greater reproductive isolation.The latter will occur if mating between subpopulations results in hybrid offspring that have lower fitness.Could cultural evolution play a role in reinforcement?


A) Yes, if traits that affect reproductive isolation can be culturally transmitted.
B) Yes, but only if there is zero cultural transmission between subpopulations.
C) No, in order to form separate species, the changes have to be genetic.
D) No, culturally transmitted behavioral traits are bound to be "leaky" (allow for some level of gene flow) .

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

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A

Define "obligate mutualism" in one sentence.

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A mutualistic relationship in ...

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Is any form of adaptation coevolution?


A) Yes, evolution always happens in response to environmental change.
B) Yes, other species are always part of an organism's environment.
C) No, only evolution as an action-reaction response to a selection pressure imposed by interacting organisms on each other qualifies as coevolution.
D) No, coevolution is by definition limited to mutualistic interactions.

E) A) and D)
F) C) and D)

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Which of the following differs between intra- and interspecific interactions when it comes to the evolution and maintenance of cooperation?


A) Interacting partners from different species are not linked by inclusive fitness.
B) We cannot apply game theory to interspecific systems.
C) Cooperative interactions cannot shift into antagonistic ones in intraspecific systems.
D) All of the above

E) A) and D)
F) C) and D)

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When researchers examined the effects of withholding nitrogen from Bradyrhizobium japonicum,they used a "split root" treatment in which half of a soybean plant's root mass received gaseous nitrogen,whereas the other half did not.Why did the researchers use this split root treatment?


A) They were economizing on experimental soybean plants.
B) They were testing whether different parts of the root react differently to the absence of nitrogen.
C) They were testing the range of nitrogen in which soybean plants can thrive.
D) They were testing whether the potential "retaliation" against cheating symbionts was specific to root nodules that did not fix nitrogen.

E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

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Clayton and colleagues discovered the relationship between feather-louse size and the body mass of their corresponding bird hosts illustrated in the figure below.What do the authors hypothesize about the mechanism of cospeciation in doves and lice from this relationship? Clayton and colleagues discovered the relationship between feather-louse size and the body mass of their corresponding bird hosts illustrated in the figure below.What do the authors hypothesize about the mechanism of cospeciation in doves and lice from this relationship? A) Lice are unlikely to switch to hosts that differ in body size from their original host. B) Lice will tend to shift to the larger host regardless of their own size. C) Larger lice are always better at holding onto their hosts. D) Smaller lice are always better at evading the preening attempts than large lice species.


A) Lice are unlikely to switch to hosts that differ in body size from their original host.
B) Lice will tend to shift to the larger host regardless of their own size.
C) Larger lice are always better at holding onto their hosts.
D) Smaller lice are always better at evading the preening attempts than large lice species.

E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

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Describe the mosaic theory of coevolution in your own words.Limit your answer to one sentence.

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Different geographic...

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Is there an alternative (genetic) explanation to cultural evolution for the correlation in songs of Darwin finches and their sons and grandsons? (The units on the x- and y-axes summarize multiple components of the finches' songs.) Is there an alternative (genetic) explanation to cultural evolution for the correlation in songs of Darwin finches and their sons and grandsons? (The units on the x- and y-axes summarize multiple components of the finches' songs.) A) Mitochondrial inheritance B) X-linked inheritance C) Y-linked inheritance D) No


A) Mitochondrial inheritance
B) X-linked inheritance
C) Y-linked inheritance
D) No

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Some species of tropical fireflies mimic the luminescent mating signals of females of a related species and will prey upon the males that have been attracted by the fake signal.How would you classify this behavior? Is it Batesian mimicry,Müllerian mimicry,a third form of mimicry,or no mimicry at all? Briefly justify your answer.

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It is a third form of (aggressive)mimicr...

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Why do woodland star flowers likely abort flower heads with Greya moth eggs in geographic locations where other nonflower-feeding pollinators are present?


A) Greya moths do not pollinate woodland stars in locations with multiple pollinators.
B) Pollination by Greya is not essential for the reproduction of these woodland stars.
C) Pollen becomes limited, and woodland stars can no longer afford to lose pollen to Greya larvae.
D) B and C

E) A) and D)
F) All of the above

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What ecological role were the nitrogen-fixing Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteria in soybean root nodules effectively playing when the experimenters cut off gaseous nitrogen?


A) Free rider
B) Commensal
C) Predator
D) Symbiont

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

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Why does cultural transmission have the potential to be faster than genetic transmission? Limit your answer to one sentence.

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Social learning among individu...

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Suppose that Epicephala moths are part of a larger group of moths whose members are all seed feeders,but none of the other seed-feeding genera are involved in the pollination of their host plant.What would you conclude to be the most parsimonious pathway for the evolution of the mutualistic relationship between Epicephala and Glochidion plants?


A) It evolved via a pollination mutualism without a seed-feeding relationship.
B) Epicephala started out eating Glochidion foliage before starting to pollinate the flowers of its host.
C) Pollination evolved as a byproduct of female moths laying their eggs in Glochidion flowers.
D) The ancestor of mutualistic Epicephala larvae had pollen-feeding larvae.

E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

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Why do we distinguish between inter- and intraspecific mutualism?


A) This distinction is for historical reasons only.
B) Mutualistic partners in the same species are part of the same gene pool, but this is not the case for intraspecific mutualisms.
C) The mutualistic partners do not benefit equally in interspecific mutualism.
D) Only intraspecific mutualism gives the opportunity for cheating.

E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

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B

Briefly define the three modes of cultural transmission: vertical cultural transmission,horizontal cultural transmission,and oblique cultural transmission.

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Vertical cultural transmission is transm...

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