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Julie planned a surprise birthday party for her mother with the help of her friends and father.Before her mother got back from work,they put up streamers and other decorative items around their living room and waited for her mother to return and cut the cake.When Julie's mother returned,she got angry at the house being filled children and the mess they had made decorating for her birthday party and stormed out of the house.This incident is likely to enhance Julie's sense of _____.


A) inferiority
B) industry
C) autonomy
D) generativity

E) C) and D)
F) A) and C)

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A study revealed that low levels of self-esteem were correlated to low academic achievement among children and adolescents.In this context,which of the following conclusions can be inferred?


A) Low self-esteem in children results in low academic achievement.
B) To increase academic achievement,self-esteem must be increased significantly.
C) Low self-esteem and low academic achievement are associated to each other.
D) Low academic achievement occurs because children with low self-esteem need to compensate their feelings of inferiority.

E) B) and D)
F) C) and D)

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_____ refers to global evaluations of the self;it is also called self-worth or self-image.


A) Self-actualization
B) Self-esteem
C) Self-efficacy
D) Self-concept

E) A) and B)
F) A) and D)

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A ten-year-old is most likely to describe himself as:


A) "I am ten,and I have a bicycle."
B) "I am ten,and I have red hair and brown eyes."
C) "I am nice and I have a close friend named Tom."
D) "I live in a big,red brick house."

E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

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Bullies are most likely to:


A) be chidrem who have high grades.
B) be prosocial children.
C) be anxious and socially withdrawn children.
D) be children who smoke and drink alcohol.

E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

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Briefly describe the role of parents as managers.

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Parents can play important roles as mana...

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_____ children are frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked.


A) Controversial
B) Neglected
C) Targeted
D) Average

E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

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Daniel was arrested for stealing government documents and he responded by saying that "Yes,I did steal the documents,and I am willing to go to jail for it.These documents prove that the government was engaging in a cover-up and I think the public has a right to know about such unethical actions." Lawrence Kohlberg would classify Daniel as using _____ morality in this situation.


A) preconventional
B) heteronomous
C) conventional
D) postconventional

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Evan is slow learner who is in the fifth grade.He has been attending remedial classes where he receives training to retain and recall information better.His teachers have reassured his parents that the cumulative effect of these remedial classes take some time and are not visible instantly.Despite this knowledge,Evan's father often chastises him for his mediocre marks and compares his unfavorably to his peers.Evan's father's approach to his academic performance is likely to lead to a _____.


A) greater sense of self-esteem in Evan
B) greater sense of inferiority in Evan
C) lower level of guilt and shame in Evan
D) strong feeling of secure attachment in Evan

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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Which of the following statements represents a criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?


A) His theory places too much emphasis on moral behavior and not enough emphasis on moral thought.
B) Moral stages suggested by his theory appear somewhat later in age than he suggested.
C) His theory emphasizes relationships and concern for others over abstract principles of justice.
D) Moral reasoning at the lower stages is rarely found in the real world.

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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Melanie loves art class and she usually gets very good grades from her fifth grade art teacher,Annette Atkins.Annette recently recommended Melanie's name for an interschool art competition that she is sure Melanie can win.Melanie,who is usually confident,is experiencing feelings of anxiety ahead of the competition.She is also preparing for the competition and envisioning herself win the prize to make her parents proud.This represents Melanie's capacity to understand:


A) that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation.
B) that rules are flexible and change from one situation to another.
C) that all negative emotions must be concealed and suppressed.
D) that she must judge all situations by her personal moral code.

E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

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Which of the following statements is true with regard to bullying?


A) Girls are more likely to be bullied than boys.
B) Younger middle school students were least likely to be affected by bullying.
C) Incidents of bullying are unaffected by social context as there are no witnesses to acts of bullying in most cases.
D) Boys are more likely to be bullies than girls.

E) A) and C)
F) All of the above

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Joanna,a fourth grader,loves to go to school.Joanna's parents are amazed at how quickly she understands concepts,internalizes skills,and makes friends at school.Yesterday,Joanna came home and told her parents that the working model of a windmill that she had made along with her friends was put on display in class and applauded widely by everyone.Joanna is likely to develop a sense of _____ from her adjustments and accomplishments at this stage,according to Erikson's psychosocial theory.


A) trust
B) inferiority
C) industry
D) intimacy

E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

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Which of the following is the primary reason for sharing among toddlers and preschoolers,according to William Damon?


A) Fairness
B) Empathy
C) Benevolence
D) Imitation

E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

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Paulo is outgoing and self-confident.He seems to be happy and in a good mood most of the time.Paulo is good at talking with other children and seems to care about their interests and problems.He is likely to be:


A) popular with his peers.
B) rejected by most of his peers.
C) neglected in his peer interactions.
D) the target of rejection from his peers.

E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

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Six-year-old Phyllis decided to obey her older sister Maggie so that she would be allowed to go with Maggie to watch a movie.Phyllis is operating from Kohlberg's _____ stage of moral reasoning.


A) heteronomous morality
B) individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange
C) mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity
D) social systems morality

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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In middle and late childhood,discipline and control of children is characterized by:


A) an increase in physical punishment.
B) an increase in time spent in parental supervision.
C) an increase in coregulation of the child's activities.
D) a major shift in autonomy from parent to child.

E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

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How can rejected children be trained to interact more effectively with their peers?


A) By teaching the children to more accurately assess when the intentions of their peers are negative.
B) By developing the children's ability to interact appropriately with adults.
C) By formulating strategies for changing the social settings in which the children participate.
D) By developing self-preservation skills so these children will not be so hurt by neglect.

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

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The most publicized criticism of Kohlberg's theory has come from Carol Gilligan who believes that Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development:


A) focuses too much on the role played by family and cultural differences on moral development in children.
B) fails to use abstract principles of justice and ethics that are integral to morality.
C) fails to consider moral principles as universal and constant.
D) fails to account for relationships and concern for others as moral behavior.

E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

Correct Answer

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During their elementary school years,children:


A) believe that only one emotion can be experienced in a situation.
B) lack the capability of feeling sympathy for a distressed person.
C) develop the ability to suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions.
D) fail to understand and express self-conscious emotions such as pride and shame.

E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

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