Question 1

Which statement best describes a fixed action pattern?

Accepted Answer

A)   A behavior learned within the first few hours after birth
B)   A behavior that becomes automatic and stereotyped
C)   An apparently unlearned behavior that is demonstrated by all members of a species
D)   An organism's disposition to act in certain ways that can be overridden by learningE) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 2

Extinction is a learning process in which

Accepted Answer

A)   punishments cause a rapid reduction or elimination of an inappropriate or dangerous response.
B)   a subject is taught that an event or behavior that previously was predictive of a particular outcome is no longer predictive.
C)   a reflexive behavior that was once adaptive now becomes a threat to the animal's survival due to environmental changes.
D)   animals acquire cues and behaviors that allow them to compete successfully enough to eliminate the competitors in their niche.E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 3

Punishment training involves the _______ of _______ event following a behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)   presentation; a pleasant
B)   removal; a pleasant
C)   presentation; an aversive
D)   removal; an aversiveE) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

Question 4

The kind of reinforcement operating in a particular scenario is defined by

Accepted Answer

A)   the type of outcome used.
B)   the effect of the outcome on behavior.
C)   whether the outcome precedes or follows the behavior.
D)   whether the behavior is voluntary or involuntary.E) None of the above
F) B) and D)

Question 5

A conditioned compensatory response is

Accepted Answer

A)   an instrumentally conditioned analgesic response that increases drug effectiveness.
B)   an instrumentally conditioned extinction response that decreases drug effectiveness.
C)   a classically conditioned fear response to cues associated with past embarrassing situations or events.
D)   a classically conditioned response to cues associated with the environment in which the drug is used or administered.E) A) and B)
F) A) and D)

Question 6

Which scenario involves escape?

Accepted Answer

A)   Kevin loses his computer game privileges for one week because he pushed his sister off the deck.
B)   Matt is required to do his sister's chores as well as his own for one week after refusing to give her a ride home from the dance.
C)   Maddie skips her history class and then decides to go off-campus for lunch when she sees her history professor walking to the cafeteria.
D)   Ashley's hands hurt from a morning spent pruning bushes and weeding, and so she finds a pair of gardening gloves to wear while she finishes her yardwork.E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 7

Travis drinks several beers in the same bar every weekend without consequence. One Saturday he sees some friends in the bar as he walks by. He stops in to say "Hello," but does not have a beer. As he is about to leave, he begins to feel nauseated and has a bad headache, as if he had a hangover. Travis could be experiencing

Accepted Answer

A)   conditioned taste aversion learning.
B)   positive sign tracking.
C)   negative sign tracking.
D)   conditioned compensatory responding.E) A) and D)
F) C) and D)

Question 8

Ethologists study

Accepted Answer

A)   the adaptive benefits of an organism's physical features (e.g., feather coloration, fur length, body size) .
B)   the extent to which learned behaviors can be transmitted to the offspring of the next generation.
C)   the fossil records of the body features of similar species in order to predict probable behavior patterns.
D)   naturally occurring behaviors of organisms in their natural settings.E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 9

Which statement best describes habituation?

Accepted Answer

A)   Habituation occurs in all animal species.
B)   Habituation is a simple form of associative learning.
C)   Habituation occurs only with extensive instrumental practice.
D)   Habituation occurs with simple intense stimuli but not complex stimuli.E) A) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 10

Which statement about shaping is false?

Accepted Answer

A)   Shaping is an effective technique for creating simple or complex behaviors.
B)   Shaping can be used to increase or decrease the frequency or distribution of behaviors.
C)   Shaping is a procedure that is equally effective with animals and humans.
D)   Shaping seldom occurs in the natural world, and for this reason behavior change relies more on other processes.E) B) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 11

Punishment is a procedure in which _______ every time the subject performs a particular behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)   an aversive stimulus is removed
B)   a desirable event occurs
C)   a desirable outcome is removed
D)   an aversive event occursE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 12

Describe, with a concrete example, how you could use an omission versus punishment contingency to influence someone's behavior.

Accepted Answer

A pupil acting up in class could have hi...

Question 13

The concept of fitness means that compared to the less successful members of a species, the more successful members are

Accepted Answer

A)   more similar to each other.
B)   more likely to have offspring that reproduce.
C)   likely to live longer.
D)   bigger, faster, or stronger.E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 14

Some pigeons landed in a park near a woman wearing a large, bright orange hat. The lady fed the pigeons as she walked through the park, and the pigeons began to follow her wherever she went. On future visits, when wearing her flashy hat, the pigeons often landed on her hat. Discuss possible reasons why the pigeons developed these behaviors, both following the woman in the park and landing on her hat.

Accepted Answer

Approaching the lady the first time was ...

Question 15

Researchers studying the conditioned compensatory response have found that

Accepted Answer

A)   only the effectiveness of narcotics and sedatives are diminished.
B)   only the effectiveness of antibiotics and stimulants are diminished.
C)   conditioned tolerance effects can reduce the likelihood of drug overdose.
D)   animals, but not humans, develop conditioned compensatory drug responses.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 16

In the context of natural selection, "fitness" refers to the

Accepted Answer

A)   ability of an organism to produce viable offspring.
B)   body weight of the organism.
C)   ability of an organism to survive.
D)   difference between the mental and physical age of an organism.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 17

In the study by Karen Hollis, fish and birds that were given a cue prior to being exposed to a potential mate or rival were

Accepted Answer

A)   only able to associate the cue with a threatening rival, preparing them for defense.
B)   only able to associate the cue with a potential mate, preparing them to defend against competitors.
C)   able to associate different cues with either a potential mate or rival, leaving them better prepared for what was forthcoming.
D)   able to form distinct cue‒outcome associations that signaled a potential mate or rival, but could not learn both associations.E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 18

The concept of preparedness refers to the extent to which the

Accepted Answer

A)   researcher has selected the most effective training procedure.
B)   animal or human is motivated to learn an association.
C)   the response to be learned has a natural relationship with the outcome.
D)   classical and instrumental associations must be formed for the organism to be prepared.E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 19

Natural selection is

Accepted Answer

A)   a rapid process that changes features of an organism in just one generation.
B)   a superior method of adaptation relative to learning because it benefits all members of the species.
C)   based on a fitness criterion: that is, the fastest, largest, strongest, most distinctly marked members of the species are most likely to survive.
D)   a process that enables the genetic transmission of both physical features and behaviors.E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 20

Reward involves the _______ of _______ event following a behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)   presentation; a pleasant
B)   removal; a pleasant
C)   presentation; an aversive
D)   removal; an aversiveE) B) and D)
F) All of the above

Exam 2: Learning and Adaptation

Natural selection is

Correct Answer
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Punishment is a procedure in which _______ every time the subject performs a particular behavior.

Correct Answer
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Which scenario involves escape?

Correct Answer
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Which statement best describes a fixed action pattern?

Correct Answer
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Which statement best describes habituation?

Correct Answer
verified

The concept of fitness means that compared to the less successful members of a species, the more successful members are

Correct Answer
verified

Describe, with a concrete example, how you could use an omission versus punishment contingency to influence someone's behavior.

Correct Answer
verified
A pupil acting up in class could have hi...
View Answer

The kind of reinforcement operating in a particular scenario is defined by

Correct Answer
verified

Which statement about shaping is false?

Correct Answer
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Reward involves the _ of _ event following a behavior.

Correct Answer
verified

A conditioned compensatory response is

Correct Answer
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Punishment training involves the _ of _ event following a behavior.

Correct Answer
verified

The concept of preparedness refers to the extent to which the

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
Approaching the lady the first time was ...
View Answer

Researchers studying the conditioned compensatory response have found that

Correct Answer
verified

Extinction is a learning process in which

Correct Answer
verified

In the study by Karen Hollis, fish and birds that were given a cue prior to being exposed to a potential mate or rival were

Correct Answer
verified

In the context of natural selection, "fitness" refers to the

Correct Answer
verified

Ethologists study

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 2: Learning and Adaptation

Natural selection is

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Punishment is a procedure in which _______ every time the subject performs a particular behavior.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which scenario involves escape?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which statement best describes a fixed action pattern?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which statement best describes habituation?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The concept of fitness means that compared to the less successful members of a species, the more successful members are

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Describe, with a concrete example, how you could use an omission versus punishment contingency to influence someone's behavior.

Correct AnswerverifiedA pupil acting up in class could have hi...View AnswerShow Answer

The kind of reinforcement operating in a particular scenario is defined by

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which statement about shaping is false?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Reward involves the _______ of _______ event following a behavior.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A conditioned compensatory response is

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Punishment training involves the _______ of _______ event following a behavior.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The concept of preparedness refers to the extent to which the

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedApproaching the lady the first time was ...View AnswerShow Answer

Researchers studying the conditioned compensatory response have found that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Extinction is a learning process in which

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the study by Karen Hollis, fish and birds that were given a cue prior to being exposed to a potential mate or rival were

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the context of natural selection, "fitness" refers to the

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Ethologists study

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
verified
A pupil acting up in class could have hi...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Reward involves the _ of _ event following a behavior.

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Punishment training involves the _ of _ event following a behavior.

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
Approaching the lady the first time was ...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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