Question 1

Which of the following best describes the Stroop effect?

Accepted Answer

A)  If you look at letters and words flashed briefly on the screen,it is easier to read whole words than isolated letters.
B)  If you have already committed a certain amount of time and effort to a project,it is hard to quit even though the project seems to be a failure.
C)  If you grew up hearing another language without learning it,you will be able to learn it in adulthood better than those who did not have that early experience.
D)  If you look at the word RED written in green ink,it is easier to read the word ("red") than to say the color of the ink ("green") .E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Question 2

You have bought a $500 ticket package to take all of your family to Sea World on the first weekend in June.Your spouse has free passes to an IMAX viewing of Jaws for the same day.The morning of your outing,you notice storm clouds coming in and the weatherman says that there is a 95% chance of rain and lightning.You think that it might make more sense to go to the IMAX showing,but you paid significantly more for Sea World.Where would you be more likely to go? Name this phenomenon and briefly describe the premise of this type of cognitive error.

Accepted Answer

You would be more likely to go...

Question 3

All of the following are situations when it would be appropriate to use a heuristic EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  when a decision has to be made quickly.
B)  when a decision has to be made with limited information.
C)  when a decision must be the right one.
D)  when you can't go through Polya's four steps for solving a problem.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 4

People are most likely to be overconfident in the accuracy of their predictions when predicting

Accepted Answer

A)  events that are virtually certain to occur.
B)  changes in the weather.
C)  the accomplishments of other people.
D)  their own accomplishments.E) A) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 5

When we read,we generally are able to read the letter we are focused on,plus __________ characters to the left and __________ characters to the right.

Accepted Answer

A)  0...10
B)  2...2
C)  20...20
D)  3...7E) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 6

Subjects in an experiment heard a tape-recorded sentence in which a cough or a tone replaced the first "s" in the word legislatures (one of the words in the sentence) .What were the results of this experiment?

Accepted Answer

A)  The subjects claimed to have heard the missing "s".
B)  The subjects heard "legi" and "latures" as two separate words.
C)  The subjects filled in other letters for the missing "s".
D)  Many of the subjects denied hearing either a cough or a tone.E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 7

You know there are only two librarians who live in your town of 10,000 people.However,when you meet a quiet young woman who likes to read,you decide she is probably a librarian.In your thinking you are relying on

Accepted Answer

A)  an algorithm.
B)  the representativeness heuristic.
C)  the Stroop effect.
D)  a cognitive map.E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 8

The tendency to read the words,instead of saying the color of ink,is known as the Stroop effect.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

You are listening to someone speak,and one of the words they say at the beginning of a sentence is muffled.The sounds you hear form a word that sounds halfway between "dent" and "tent." How will you interpret what you heard?

Accepted Answer

A)  You will assume it is a new word that you have never heard before (that sounds like dent and tent) regardless of the other words in the sentence.
B)  You will decide on dent or tent based solely on the sounds you heard in that word (i.e. ,you will not be influenced by other words in the sentence) .
C)  You will base your interpretation on the words and syllables that immediately follow the muffled word,rather than those that occur later in the sentence.
D)  You will base your interpretation on the first relevant clues you find in the sentence,even if those clues occur several words after the muffled word.E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 10

An expert chess player and a beginner both look at a picture of chess pieces arranged on a board in a random manner.Then they try to draw that position from memory.Which one (if either) will remember better,and why?

Accepted Answer

A)  The expert will remember better,because of a greater ability to remember unfamiliar patterns.
B)  The expert will remember better,because of a greater overall ability to memorize.
C)  The beginner will remember better,because the expert will be hampered by the effects of retroactive interference.
D)  The two will remember about equally well,because the pattern is unfamiliar to both.E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

Question 11

Your visual processing becomes inactive during

Accepted Answer

A)  the Stroop effect.
B)  an algorithm.
C)  a saccade.
D)  puberty.E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 12

Bonobos have shown greater progress in language development than any of the other apes in previous language-training studies.One possible explanation for their success is that their training

Accepted Answer

A)  began early in life and relied mainly on imitation.
B)  used an equal balance of rewards and punishments.
C)  used immediate positive reinforcement,based on the theories of Skinner.
D)  used classical conditioning,based on the theories of Pavlov.E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 13

In general,our attention is drawn to

Accepted Answer

A)  whatever is unusual given the current context.
B)  the sound of human voices.
C)  the brightest color.
D)  anything that moves.E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 14

Most people identify the letter more accurately when it is part of a word than when it is presented by itself.This is known as the __________.

Accepted Answer

word-super...

Question 15

"Change blindness" is the phenomenon that

Accepted Answer

A)  we often fail to notice something that changes slowly.
B)  shortly after you respond to one stimulus you tend to ignore another one.
C)  it is easier to notice changes in a single letter than changes in a whole word.
D)  many people start to suffer failing vision during their 40s and 50s.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 16

People have difficulty understanding a statement like "She is not unfriendly" because

Accepted Answer

A)  she may,in fact,be friendly.
B)  double negatives are difficult to understand.
C)  most people are basically unfriendly.
D)  language is productive rather than interpretive.E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 17

Because it is easier to think of words that start with "k" than words that have "k" as the third letter,most people assume that our language has more words starting with "k" than words with "k" in the third position.That kind of reasoning is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  cognitive maps.
B)  the Stroop effect.
C)  the availability heuristic.
D)  categorization by levels.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 18

Most people tend to consider themselves better than average,or at least average,drivers.We do so because when we think of other drivers we most easily remember unusually bad drivers,and compare ourselves to them.In other words,we make a decision based on

Accepted Answer

A)  base-rate information.
B)  the availability heuristic.
C)  the representativeness heuristic.
D)  an algorithm.E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

Question 19

In decision making,the maximizing strategy approximates the use of __________ whereas satisficing is more of a __________ approach.

Accepted Answer

an algorit...

Question 20

"Change blindness" refers to the phenomenon that

Accepted Answer

A)  when people shift their attention they have trouble moving their eyes.
B)  people who go through a major change in their lives often suffer visual losses.
C)  people who become blind may become more sensitive to other sensory information.
D)  people looking at a scene often fail to notice something that changes.E) A) and D)
F) All of the above

Exam 8: Cognition and Language

Your visual processing becomes inactive during

Correct Answer
verified

The tendency to read the words,instead of saying the color of ink,is known as the Stroop effect.

Correct Answer
verified

You are listening to someone speak,and one of the words they say at the beginning of a sentence is muffled.The sounds you hear form a word that sounds halfway between "dent" and "tent." How will you interpret what you heard?

Correct Answer
verified

All of the following are situations when it would be appropriate to use a heuristic EXCEPT

Correct Answer
verified

Most people identify the letter more accurately when it is part of a word than when it is presented by itself.This is known as the __________.

Correct Answer
verified
word-super...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified
You would be more likely to go...
View Answer

"Change blindness" is the phenomenon that

Correct Answer
verified

"Change blindness" refers to the phenomenon that

Correct Answer
verified

Most people tend to consider themselves better than average,or at least average,drivers.We do so because when we think of other drivers we most easily remember unusually bad drivers,and compare ourselves to them.In other words,we make a decision based on

Correct Answer
verified

People have difficulty understanding a statement like "She is not unfriendly" because

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following best describes the Stroop effect?

Correct Answer
verified

In general,our attention is drawn to

Correct Answer
verified

You know there are only two librarians who live in your town of 10,000 people.However,when you meet a quiet young woman who likes to read,you decide she is probably a librarian.In your thinking you are relying on

Correct Answer
verified

People are most likely to be overconfident in the accuracy of their predictions when predicting

Correct Answer
verified

Bonobos have shown greater progress in language development than any of the other apes in previous language-training studies.One possible explanation for their success is that their training

Correct Answer
verified

In decision making,the maximizing strategy approximates the use of whereas satisficing is more of a approach.

Correct Answer
verified
an algorit...
View Answer

Subjects in an experiment heard a tape-recorded sentence in which a cough or a tone replaced the first "s" in the word legislatures (one of the words in the sentence) .What were the results of this experiment?

Correct Answer
verified

When we read,we generally are able to read the letter we are focused on,plus characters to the left and characters to the right.

Correct Answer
verified

An expert chess player and a beginner both look at a picture of chess pieces arranged on a board in a random manner.Then they try to draw that position from memory.Which one (if either) will remember better,and why?

Correct Answer
verified

Because it is easier to think of words that start with "k" than words that have "k" as the third letter,most people assume that our language has more words starting with "k" than words with "k" in the third position.That kind of reasoning is an example of

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 8: Cognition and Language

Your visual processing becomes inactive during

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The tendency to read the words,instead of saying the color of ink,is known as the Stroop effect.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

You are listening to someone speak,and one of the words they say at the beginning of a sentence is muffled.The sounds you hear form a word that sounds halfway between "dent" and "tent." How will you interpret what you heard?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

All of the following are situations when it would be appropriate to use a heuristic EXCEPT

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Most people identify the letter more accurately when it is part of a word than when it is presented by itself.This is known as the __________.

Correct Answerverifiedword-super...View AnswerShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedYou would be more likely to go...View AnswerShow Answer

"Change blindness" is the phenomenon that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

"Change blindness" refers to the phenomenon that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Most people tend to consider themselves better than average,or at least average,drivers.We do so because when we think of other drivers we most easily remember unusually bad drivers,and compare ourselves to them.In other words,we make a decision based on

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

People have difficulty understanding a statement like "She is not unfriendly" because

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following best describes the Stroop effect?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In general,our attention is drawn to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

You know there are only two librarians who live in your town of 10,000 people.However,when you meet a quiet young woman who likes to read,you decide she is probably a librarian.In your thinking you are relying on

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

People are most likely to be overconfident in the accuracy of their predictions when predicting

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Bonobos have shown greater progress in language development than any of the other apes in previous language-training studies.One possible explanation for their success is that their training

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In decision making,the maximizing strategy approximates the use of __________ whereas satisficing is more of a __________ approach.

Correct Answerverifiedan algorit...View AnswerShow Answer

Subjects in an experiment heard a tape-recorded sentence in which a cough or a tone replaced the first "s" in the word legislatures (one of the words in the sentence) .What were the results of this experiment?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When we read,we generally are able to read the letter we are focused on,plus __________ characters to the left and __________ characters to the right.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

An expert chess player and a beginner both look at a picture of chess pieces arranged on a board in a random manner.Then they try to draw that position from memory.Which one (if either) will remember better,and why?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Because it is easier to think of words that start with "k" than words that have "k" as the third letter,most people assume that our language has more words starting with "k" than words with "k" in the third position.That kind of reasoning is an example of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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word-super...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified
You would be more likely to go...
View Answer

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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
verified

In decision making,the maximizing strategy approximates the use of whereas satisficing is more of a approach.

Correct Answer
verified
an algorit...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

When we read,we generally are able to read the letter we are focused on,plus characters to the left and characters to the right.

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified